Technology also played a role. The transition from the wooden nightstick to the PR-24 (side-handle baton) and eventually to the expandable baton was accompanied by mandatory training. Officers were taught that the baton was a defensive tool for compliance, not a weapon for punishment. Modern Echoes and the Digital Eye
Connor , shaped the modern legal standards for police use of force? Nightstick Justice
Despite these reforms, the spirit of "nightstick justice" persists in the modern era, though the tools have changed. High-profile incidents of excessive force—captured on cell phone cameras—often show a disconnect between legal protocol and street-level reality. When an officer uses force against a non-resisting or restrained individual, they are essentially reverting to nightstick justice: bypassed the legal system to administer an immediate, physical penalty. Technology also played a role