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: The authority of the Sultans declined as local governors and military elites (such as the Janissaries) sought more independence.

: Sought access to the Mediterranean through the Black Sea straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles). : The authority of the Sultans declined as

Towards the end of the century, a group of young, Western-educated officers and intellectuals—the —emerged. They advocated for a constitutional monarchy and more radical modernization to prevent the total collapse of the state. Key Vocabulary for This Section Sultan : The supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire. They advocated for a constitutional monarchy and more

During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, once a dominant global power, faced internal decay and external pressure from European nations. This period is often referred to as the era of the "Sick Man of Europe." 1. Internal Crisis and Fragmentation This period is often referred to as the

: The empire struggled to compete with the industrializing West, leading to a heavy reliance on foreign loans. 2. The "Eastern Question"

: While some modernization occurred, the reforms were often met with resistance from conservative religious leaders and failed to stop the empire's territorial losses. 4. The Young Turk Movement

This term refers to the diplomatic and military competition between European powers (Russia, Britain, France, and Austria) over the fate of the Ottoman territories.